Accuracy of the defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion in patients with diabetic foot.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of the defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion in patients with diabetic foot. METHOD: A diagnostic accuracy study with a cross-sectional design was carried out with patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on outpatient diabetic foot treatment. We evaluated 134 patients with diabetic foot to determine the accuracy of the defining characteristics of ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion. A latent class model with random effects was used to establish the sensitivity and specificity of the defining characteristics assessed. RESULTS: Ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion was present in 83.79% of the patients. The defining characteristics color does not return to lowered limb after 1-minute leg elevation and edema had high sensitivity (0.8370 and 0.7213) and specificity (0.9991 and 0.9995). CONCLUSION: The defining characteristics color does not return to lowered limb after 1-minute leg elevation and edema are good clinical indicators that can be used for screening and confirming ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion in patients with diabetic foot.

COVID-19 em profissionais de enfermagem no Maranhão (2020-2021): características clínico-epidemiológicas dos casos e fatores associados aos óbitos / COVID-19 in nursing professionals in Maranhão (2020-2021): clinical-epidemiological characteristics of cases and factors associated with deaths / COVID-19 en profesionales de enfermería en Maranhão (2020-2021): características clínico-epidemiológicas de casos y factores asociados a muerte

Objetivo: descrever características clínico-epidemiológicas dos casos de COVID-19 em profissionais de enfermagem e analisar fatores associados aos óbitos. Método: estudo transversal realizado com casos e óbitos por COVID-19 em profissionais de enfermagem registrados no período entre abril de 2020 e março de 2021 no estado do Maranhão. Utilizou-se a estatística descritiva e modelos de regressão logística. Resultados: verificaram-se 2.116 casos de COVID-19 em profissionais de enfermagem, a maioria eram técnicos (63,23%), sexo feminino (86,48%), raça/cor preta/parda (48,20%), na faixa etária de 31 a 40 anos (40,69%) e média de idade de 38,11 anos (DP=9,58). A hipertensão arterial sistêmica foi a principal comorbidade apresentada (62,03%). Os fatores de risco para o óbito foram: idade >60 anos, comorbidades como hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabetes mellitus e obesidade. Conclusão: esses dados podem direcionar intervenções em saúde mais efetivas com intuito de minimizar os riscos de infecção e os danos à saúde desses trabalhadores.

Objective: to identify clinical-epidemiological characteristics of two cases of COVID-19 in nursing professionals and to analyze factors associated with deaths. Method: a cross-sectional study was carried with cases and deaths from COVID-19 in nursing professionals registered between April 2020 and March 2021 in Maranhão. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used. Results: we verified 2,116 cases of COVID-19 in nursing professionals, mostly among technicians (63.23%), females (86.48%), of black/white/brown ethnicity (48.20%), aged from 31 to 40 years (40.69%), and with a mean age of 38.11 years (SD=9.58). Systemic arterial hypertension was the main comorbidity (62.03%). The risk factors for death are age >60 years and comorbidities such as systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Conclusion: our findings can support more effective health interventions to minimize the risk of infection and damage to the health of these workers.

Objetivo: identificar las características clínico-epidemiológicas de casos de COVID-19 en profesionales de enfermería y analizar los factores asociados a muertes. Método: se realizó un estudio transversal con casos y muertes por COVID-19 en profesionales de enfermería registrados entre abril de 2020 y marzo de 2021 en Maranhão. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas y modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: verificamos 2.116 casos de COVID-19 en profesionales de enfermería, en su mayoría técnicos (63,23%), del sexo femenino (86,48%), de etnia negra/blanca/morena (48,20%), con edad de 31 a 40 años (40,69%) y edad media de 38,11 años (DE=9,58). La hipertensión arterial sistémica fue la principal comorbilidad presentada (62,03%). Los factores de riesgo de muerte fueron: edad > 60 años y comorbilidades como hipertensión arterial sistémica, diabetes mellitus y obesidad. Conclusión: esos hallazgos pueden respaldar intervenciones de salud más efectivas para minimizar el riesgo de infección y daño a la salud de estos trabajadores.

Urinary incontinence in women: assessment with the aid of standardized nursing terminologies NANDA-I and NOC.

OBJECTIVES: to assess urinary impairment in incontinent women with the aid of standardized nursing terminologies NANDA-I and NOC. METHODS: a cross-sectional study, carried out with 97 women attending the gynecology outpatient clinic of a university hospital. Data collection took place using a form that contained information about NANDA-I diagnoses related to urinary incontinence and NOC Urinary Continence indicators. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the impairment of NOC indicators in the presence of NANDA-I nursing diagnoses. RESULTS: diagnosis Mixed Urinary Incontinence was the most prevalent (43.3%), and, in its presence, the most compromised indicators were voids in appropriate receptacle, gets to toilet between urge and passage of urine and empties bladder completely. CONCLUSIONS: urinary impairment was worse in women with elements of stress and urge urinary incontinence.

Factors associated with deaths from COVID-19 in a region of northeastern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: There is a need to improve knowledge and understanding of the factors associated with mortality from COVID-19 so that managers and decision-makers can implement strategies to mitigate and control the severe forms of the disease. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with deaths from COVID-19 in the state of Maranhão, in northeastern Brazil. METHODOLOGY: This is a cross-sectional and analytical study with patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 who died from March 2020 to January 2022. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the association between clinical-epidemiological characteristics and death. The odds ratios were expressed using a 95% confidence interval and a 5% significance level. RESULTS: A total of 386,567 cases of COVID-19 were registered in the period, of which 10,986 died. Risk factors associated with deaths from COVID-19 were male sex, age over 30 years, positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) result, positive CT scan, and having one or more associated comorbidities. The three comorbidities linked to the highest propensity to die were diabetes mellitus, neurological disease, and obesity. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings support the implementation of strategic actions by health care and surveillance professionals and managers towards reducing the incidence of the risk factors for mortality by COVID-19 in Maranhão.

Clinical-epidemiological characteristics and temporal trend of new cases of grade 2 disability leprosy in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, 2011- 2020.

MAIN RESULTS: Out of 2,147 grade 2 disability leprosy cases, the majority were male, of mixed race/skin color, multibacillary and borderline. The São Luís regional health unit showed a falling trend. IMPLICATIONS FOR SERVICES: The results can guide strategies for the leprosy control program in the state, aiming at new approaches towards early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disabilities. PERSPECTIVES: Further studies are needed, such as spatial distribution of cases and detection rates of leprosy in children under 15 years of age, in order to gain a better understanding of the epidemiological profile of leprosy in Maranhão. OBJECTIVE: to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of new cases of grade 2 disability leprosy and to analyze its trend in the state of Maranhão, from 2011 to 2020. METHODS: this was a descriptive cross-sectional and ecological time-series study, using data from the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System. A descriptive analysis of the event was carried out according to the sociodemographic and clinical-laboratory characteristics of the cases. The temporal trend of event incidence was analyzed using Prais-Winsten regression. RESULTS: of the 2,147 cases, 71.5% were male, 48.9% had up to 8 years of schooling, 66.5% were of mixed race/color, 95.5% had the multibacillary form, 58.8% were borderline, 32.3% had negative bacilloscopy at diagnosis. There was a stationary trend in the state and a falling trend in the São Luís Health Region (annual percentage change = -64.4%; 95% confidence interval: -73.7;-51.9). CONCLUSION: incidence trend was stable in the state of Maranhão and falling in São Luís.

Leprosy prevalence spatial distribution and trend in a health region in Northeast Brazil, 2008-2017: an ecological study.

MAIN RESULTS: A total of 4,029 leprosy cases were notified. Mean prevalence varied between 2.0 and 11.5 cases/10,000 inhab. Spatial distribution of the cases was heterogeneous and there was a falling prevalence trend over the years studied. IMPLICATIONS FOR SERVICES: These findings point to the need to strengthen active tracing strategies and expand health actions and services targeting leprosy, with the aim of increasing detection and early treatment of cases. PERSPECTIVES: It is important to carry out epidemiological investigations on the spatial distribution and prevalence of leprosy in other health regions in the state, in order to identify other areas with greater vulnerability to leprosy. OBJECTIVE: to analyse the spatial distribution and trend of leprosy in municipalities of a health region in a Northeast Brazilian state. METHODS: this was an ecological time-series study based on compulsory notification of leprosy cases by the municipalities covered by the Imperatriz-MA Regional Health Management Unit, between 2008 and 2017; prevalence and mean prevalence for the period were calculated; spatial analysis of the area was carried out and maps were generated using ArcGis 10.5. Prais-Winsten regression was used for trend analysis. RESULT: 4,029 cases of the disease were identified, and average prevalence ranged from 2.0 to 11.5 cases/10,000 inhabitants-year. The overall trend was downward. Governador Edson Lobão had the highest prevalence, 11.5 cases/10,000 inhabitants, and Lajeado Novo had the lowest prevalence, 2.0 cases/10,000 inhabitants. CONCLUSION: spatial distribution of leprosy cases was heterogeneous in the municipalities studied and prevalence had a falling trend.

Primary Health Care assessment in the COVID-19 pandemic from physicians' and nurses' perspective.

OBJECTIVES: to assess the operationalization of Primary Health Care in the COVID-19 pandemic, according to Primary Care Assessment Tool: PCATool-Brasil attributes, from physicians' and nurses' perspective. METHODS: a cross-sectional study, carried out with 99 physicians and nurses from Basic Health Units in a state in northeastern Brazil, with the aid of the adapted instrument PCATool-Brasil. RESULTS: Essential Score was classified as high performance (6.6) and General Score as low performance (6.5). First Contact Access, Care Integration, and Community Guidance scores were <6.6. The best performances were attributed to the Longitudinality, Comprehensiveness and Family Guidance services (scores>6.6). CONCLUSIONS: the attributes of Primary Health Care, in general, showed values above or close to the cut-off point in the assessment. These data can support strategies for local and national managers to strengthen Primary Health Care in the COVID-19 pandemic and future public health emergencies.

Individual and mutual effects of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity on acute respiratory distress syndrome mortality rates in clinical patients: a multicentre study.

Patients with comorbidities are more vulnerable to severe clinical cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and COVID-19 require complex health care. To analyse the association between the individual and combined effects of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity on ARDS mortality rates among patients receiving clinical care. A multicentre study encompassing retrospective data analysis and conducted with 21,121 patients from 6,723 health services across Brazil, during the 2020-2022 time period. The sample group consisted of clinical patients of both sexes and different age groups who received clinical care and showed at least one comorbidity. The data collected were analysed using binary logistic regressions and the Chi-square test. The overall mortality rate was 38.7%, with a higher predominance among males (p < 0.001), mixed-race individuals (p < 0.001), and older adults (p < 0.001). The main comorbidity variables associated with and leading to death from ARDS were arterial hypertension (p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension (p < 0.001), cardiovascular diseases (p < 0.001) and obesity (p < 0.001). Both the patients who progressed to recovery (48.4%) and to death (20.5%) presented only one comorbidity (χ2 (1,749) = 8, p < 0.001), respectively. The isolated comorbidities with the greatest impact on death outcomes were diabetes (95% CI 2.48-3.05, p < 0.001), followed by obesity (95% CI 1.85-2.41, p < 0.001) and hypertension (95% CI 1.05-1.22, p < 0.001), even after adjusting for sex and number of simultaneous comorbidities. Diabetes and obesity, as isolated conditions, had a greater influence on the number of deaths of clinical patients with ARDS compared to those with mutual diagnosis of diabetes, hypertension and obesity.

Factors associated with multibacillary leprosy in a region of northeastern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: The analysis of factors associated with multibacillary leprosy is important for the development of strategies to mitigate the disease, which persists as a public health problem in Brazil and the world. The objective of this study was to verify the associations between sociodemographic and clinical-epidemiological variables and multibacillary leprosy in the state of northeastern Brazil. METHODOLOGY: This is a cross-sectional, analytical, and retrospective study, with a quantitative approach, carried out in 16 municipalities in the southwest of Maranhão State, northeastern Brazil. All cases of leprosy reported between January 2008 and December 2017 were considered. Sociodemographic and clinical-epidemiological variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The identification of the risk factors associated with multibacillary leprosy was conducted using Poisson regression models. The prevalence ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated using regression coefficients at a 5% significance level. RESULTS: A total of 3,903 leprosy cases were analyzed. Individuals older than 15 years, males, with less than 8 years of education, with level I, II, or "not evaluated" disability, and with type 1 or 2 or both reactional states were more likely to have multibacillary leprosy. Therefore, these characteristics may be considered risk factors. No protective factors were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The investigation revealed important associations between risk factors and multibacillary leprosy. The findings can be considered during the creation of strategies to control and combat the disease.

Conhecimentos da equipe de enfermagem sobre instrumentos de avaliação da dor pediátrica / Nursing team knowledge about pediatric pain assessment instruments

Introdução: a dor de moderada à grave, em crianças hospitalizadas é comum, mas muitas vezes é mal avaliada e gerenciada. Objetivo: analisar os conhecimentos da equipe de enfermagem sobre instrumentos de avaliação da dor pediátrica. Métodos: estudo descritivo-exploratório, qualitativo, envolvendo enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem dos setores de urgência e emergência, clínica médica e Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital pediátrico de referência, no sudoeste maranhense. Dados coletados entre novembro de 2019 e março de 2020 por meio de entrevista individual e a saturação aconteceu com o 20º participante. Procedeu-se a análise de conteúdo temático. Resultados: a maioria dos participantes eram do sexo feminino, tinham entre 23 e 58 anos, pardos, e trabalhavam na clínica pediátrica de cinco meses a 20 anos. A equipe de enfermagem considera de grande importância a avaliação adequada da dor infantil. Da análise dos dados emergiram as categorias: Entendimento dos profissionais sobre importância da avaliação da dor infantil; desconhecimento dos profissionais sobre instrumentos de avaliação e a falta de aplicação do mesmo no ambiente hospitalar; estratégias utilizadas no alívio da dor; perspectivas dos profissionais de enfermagem no enfrentamento da dor pediátrica. Conclusão: a equipe de enfermagem deve conhecer e aplicar os instrumentos de avaliação da dor pediátrica, bem como incentivar as práticas não farmacológicas no ambiente hospitalar em consonância com as estratégias farmacológicas de alívio à dor.

Introducción: El dolor moderado a intenso en personas menores hospitalizadas es común, pero a menudo se evalúa y maneja de manera deficiente. Objetivo: Analizar el conocimiento del equipo de enfermería sobre los instrumentos de evaluación del dolor pediátrico. Métodos: Un estudio descriptivo-exploratorio, cualitativo, con personas enfermeras y técnicas de enfermería de los sectores de urgencia y emergencia, clínica médica y Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital pediátrico de referencia en el suroeste de Maranhão, Brasil. Los datos fueron recopilados entre noviembre de 2019 y marzo de 2020, a través de entrevistas individuales. La saturación ocurrió con la persona participante número 20. Se realizó un análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: la mayoría de las personas participantes eran mujeres, entre 23 y 58 años, morenas y trabajaron en la clínica pediátrica de 5 meses a 20 años. El equipo de enfermería considera que la evaluación adecuada del dolor infantil es de gran importancia. Del análisis de los datos, surgieron las siguientes categorías: comprensión de las personas profesionales sobre la importancia de evaluar el dolor infantil, falta de conocimiento de los profesionales sobre los instrumentos de evaluación y su falta de aplicación en el ámbito hospitalario; estrategias utilizadas para aliviar el dolor y las perspectivas de las personas profesionales de enfermería para hacer frente al dolor pediátrico. Conclusión: el equipo de enfermería debe conocer y aplicar instrumentos de evaluación del dolor pediátrico, así como fomentar prácticas no farmacológicas en el ambiente hospitalario, de acuerdo con las estrategias farmacológicas para el alivio del dolor.

Introduction: Moderate or severe pain in hospitalized children is common but is often poorly evaluated and managed. Objective: To analyze the knowledge of the nursing team on pediatric pain assessment instruments. Methods: A descriptive-exploratory, qualitative study involving nurses and nursing technicians from the urgency and emergency sectors, medical clinic, and Intensive Care Unit of a pediatric reference hospital in southwestern Maranhão. Data were collected, between November 2019 and March 2020, through individual interviews, saturation occurred with the 20th participant. A thematic content analysis was carried out. Results: most of the participants were female, between the ages of 23 and 58 years old, brunettes, and had worked between 5 months to 20 years at the pediatric clinic. The nursing team considers the adequate assessment of childhood pain to be of great importance. From the data analysis emerged the following categories: Understanding of professionals on the importance of assessing childhood pain; Lack of knowledge of professionals about assessment instruments and their lack of application in the hospital environment; Strategies used to relieve pain; The perspectives of nursing professionals in coping with pediatric pain. Conclusion: The nursing team should know and use pediatric pain assessment instruments as well as encourage non-pharmacological practices in line with pharmacological strategies for pain relief in hospital environments.

Spatiotemporal risk assessment and COVID-19 trend estimation in a federative unit in northeastern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread worldwide, causing a high burden of morbidity and mortality, and has affected the various health service systems in the world, demanding disease monitoring and control strategies. The objective of this study was to identify risk areas using spatiotemporal models and determine the COVID-19 time trend in a federative unit of northeastern Brazil. METHODS: An ecological study using spatial analysis techniques and time series was carried out in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. All new cases of COVID-19 registered in the state from March 2020 to August 2021 were included. Incidence rates were calculated and spatially distributed by area, while the spatiotemporal risk territories were identified using scan statistics. The COVID-19 time trend was determined using Prais-Winsten regressions. RESULTS: Four spatiotemporal clusters with high relative risks for the disease were identified in seven health regions located in the southwest/northwest, north and east of Maranhão. The COVID-19 time trend was stable during the analysed period, with higher rates in the regions of Santa Inês in the first and second waves and Balsas in the second wave. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneously distributed spatiotemporal risk areas and the stable COVID-19 time trend can assist in the management of health systems and services, facilitating the planning and implementation of actions toward the mitigation, surveillance and control of the disease.

Uso de suplementos nutricionais por crianças vivendo com HIV: revisão narrativa / Use of dietary supplements by children living with HIV: narrative review / Uso de suplementos dietéticos por niños que viven con el HIV: revisión narrativa

Introdução: A suplementação nutricional em pessoas vivendo com HIV ainda é pouco difundida, sendo essencial o levantamento de evidências que apontem as terapêuticas mais eficientes para beneficiar a saúde desta população. Ao se tratar do público infantil, no qual a prevalência de carências nutricionais é elevada, o conhecimento acerca da suplementação nutricional é bastante profícuo. Objetivo: Analisar relatórios de pesquisa acerca dos efeitos do uso de suplementos nutricionais em crianças vivendo com HIV. Desenho do estudo e local: Uma revisão narrativa realizada na Universidade Federal do Maranhão, em Imperatriz, município localizado no oeste do estado do Maranhão. Método: Foi realizada uma busca nos bancos de dados Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, WHO/OMS e biblioteca digital de teses e dissertações da USP entre setembro de 2021 a janeiro de 2022. Resultados: Foram incluídas 26 produções, as quais demonstraram que o uso de múltiplos nutrientes reduziu o tempo de hospitalização em crianças admitidas com diarreia ou pneumonia, melhorando a morbidade, concentração de hemoglobina e ganho ponderal. A oferta de ferro foi considerada satisfatória no combate à progressão da doença, vitamina A melhorou o quadro de diarreia persistente e vitamina D a habilidade motora neuromuscular. Conclusão: Os estudos sobre suplementação nutricional e a relação dos nutrientes com os diversos aspectos de saúde das crianças vivendo com HIV tem avançado. Logo, é necessário alargar as pesquisas no tema em contextos distintos, a fim de incrementar e gerar novas evidências, colaborando para uma conduta mais assertiva dos profissionais de saúde e consequente melhora no prognóstico dessas crianças.

Background: Providing nutritional supplementation to people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a therapeutic intervention still not widespread, so it is essential to gather evidence supporting efficient therapies to benefit the health of this population. The prevalence of nutritional deficiencies is high in children; consequently, the knowledge about nutritional supplementation in this age group is quite fruitful. Objective: To analyze research reports on the effects of nutritional supplementation in children living with HIV. Design and setting: A narrative review was conducted at the Federal University of Maranhão, Imperatriz, west of the Maranhão State. Methods: The searches were performed in the Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, and World Health Organization (WHO) databases and the São Paulo University's digital library of theses and dissertations from September 2021 to January 2022. Results: Twenty-six studies were included and showed that using multiple nutrients reduced the hospitalization time of children admitted with diarrhea or pneumonia, improving morbidity, hemoglobin concentration, and weight gain. The supply of iron was considered effective in combating the progression of the disease, vitamin A improved the condition of persistent diarrhea, and vitamin D improved neuromuscular motor skills. Conclusion: Studies have advanced on nutritional supplementation, the relationship between nutrients, and the different health aspects of children living with HIV. Therefore, it is necessary to expand research on the subject in different contexts to increase and generate new evidence, contributing to more assertive conduct of health professionals and consequent improvement in the prognosis of these children.

Antecedentes: La administración de suplementos nutricionales a las personas que viven con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) es una intervención terapéutica aún poco extendida, por lo que es fundamental reunir pruebas que apoyen terapias eficaces en beneficio de la salud de esta población. La prevalencia de deficiencias nutricionales es elevada en niños, por lo que el conocimiento sobre la suplementación nutricional en este grupo de edad es bastante fructífero. Objetivo: Analizar los informes de investigación sobre los efectos de la suplementación nutricional en niños que viven con el VIH. Diseño y escenario: Se realizó una revisión narrativa en la Universidad Federal de Maranhão, Imperatriz, al oeste del Estado de Maranhão. Métodos: Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus y Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y en la biblioteca digital de tesis y disertaciones de la Universidad de São Paulo desde septiembre de 2021 hasta enero de 2022. Resultados: Se incluyeron 26 estudios que mostraron que el uso de múltiples nutrientes redujo el tiempo de hospitalización de los niños ingresados con diarrea o neumonía, mejorando la morbilidad, la concentración de hemoglobina y el aumento de peso. El aporte de hierro se consideró eficaz para combatir la progresión de la enfermedad, la vitamina A mejoró el cuadro de diarrea persistente y la vitamina D mejoró las habilidades motoras neuromusculares. Conclusiones: Los estudios han avanzado sobre la suplementación nutricional, la relación entre los nutrientes y los diferentes aspectos de la salud de los niños que viven con el VIH. Por lo tanto, es necesario ampliar las investigaciones sobre el tema en diferentes contextos para aumentar y generar nuevas evidencias, contribuyendo para una conducta más asertiva de los profesionales de salud y consecuente mejoría en el pronóstico de estos niños.

Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV coinfection in Brazil: epidemiological profile and spatial patterns.

BACKGROUND: Geographical overlap of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) and HIV infection favors occurrences of HVL/HIV coinfection. The increasing numbers of cases of HVL/HIV coinfection are a worldwide concern and knowledge of the factors involved can help in developing preventive measures. METHODS: We aimed to identify spatial patterns and describe the epidemiological profile of HVL/HIV coinfection in Brazil from 2007 to 2015. This was an ecological study, in which thematic maps were created through geoprocessing tools, based on secondary data obtained from open-access platforms, to identify priority areas for interventions for controlling HLV/HIV coinfection, using the TerraView 4.2.2 software. RESULTS: We found spatial autocorrelations between the HVL/HIV rates of neighboring municipalities according to the global Moran index (0.10; p<0.01). The highest HVL/HIV rate was in the central-western region. Among the epidemiological characteristics according to the regions, an increasing trend in the annual variation rate was observed, with positive values over the years and statistical significance (p<0.05) in the North with 1.62 (95% CI 0.57 to 2.69; p=0.02) and Northeast with 6.41 (95% CI 2.60 to 10.37; p=0.006). Similarly, increasing trends were observed in the states of Maranhão with 21.34 (95% CI 13.99 to 9.16; p<0.001) and Sergipe with 5.44 (95% CI 0.61 to 10.50; p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed spatial overlap between occurrences of HVL and HIV with spatial patterns of HVL/HIV coinfection, thus revealing that the numbers of cases reported are increasing. Identifying areas with higher coinfection indices contributes to applying interventions and control measures among targeted populations, to prevent new cases.

Urinary incontinence in women: assessment with the aid of standardized nursing terminologies NANDA-I and NOC / Incontinencia urinaria en mujeres: evaluación con la ayuda de terminologías de enfermería estandarizadas NANDA-I y NOC / Incontinência urinária em mulheres: avaliação com auxílio das terminologias padronizadas em enfermagem NANDA-I e NOC

ABSTRACT Objectives: to assess urinary impairment in incontinent women with the aid of standardized nursing terminologies NANDA-I and NOC. Methods: a cross-sectional study, carried out with 97 women attending the gynecology outpatient clinic of a university hospital. Data collection took place using a form that contained information about NANDA-I diagnoses related to urinary incontinence and NOC Urinary Continence indicators. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the impairment of NOC indicators in the presence of NANDA-I nursing diagnoses. Results: diagnosis Mixed Urinary Incontinence was the most prevalent (43.3%), and, in its presence, the most compromised indicators were voids in appropriate receptacle, gets to toilet between urge and passage of urine and empties bladder completely. Conclusions: urinary impairment was worse in women with elements of stress and urge urinary incontinence.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar la afectación urinaria en mujeres incontinentes con la ayuda de las terminologías estandarizadas de enfermería NANDA-I y NOC. Métodos: estudio transversal, realizado con 97 mujeres que asisten a la consulta externa de ginecología de un hospital universitario. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de un formulario que contenía información sobre los diagnósticos de la NANDA-I relacionados con la incontinencia urinaria y los indicadores del resultado NOC Continencia Urinaria. Se realizó análisis estadístico para evaluar el deterioro de los indicadores NOC en presencia de diagnósticos de enfermería NANDA-I. Resultados: el diagnóstico Incontinencia Urinaria Mixta fue el más prevalente (43,3%), y, en su presencia, los indicadores más comprometidos fueron orina en recipiente adecuado, llegar al baño entre el deseo y el paso de la orina y vaciar completamente la vejiga. Conclusiones: la afectación urinaria fue peor en mujeres con elementos de estrés e incontinencia urinaria de urgencia.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar o comprometimento urinário em mulheres incontinentes com o auxílio das terminologias padronizadas em enfermagem NANDA-I e NOC. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado com 97 mulheres em atendimento no ambulatório de ginecologia de um hospital universitário. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de formulário que continha informações sobre diagnósticos da NANDA-I relacionados à incontinência urinária e indicadores do resultado NOC Continência Urinária. Foi realizada análise estatística para avaliar o comprometimento dos indicadores da NOC na presença dos diagnósticos de enfermagem da NANDA-I. Resultados: o diagnóstico Incontinência Urinária Mista foi o mais prevalente (43,3%), e, na sua presença, os indicadores mais comprometidos foram urina em recipiente apropriado, chega ao banheiro entre o desejo e a passagem de urina e esvazia a bexiga completamente. Conclusões: o comprometimento urinário demonstrou-se pior nas mulheres com elementos de incontinência urinária de esforço e urgência.

Distribuição espacial e tendência da prevalência da hanseníase em uma regional de saúde do Nordeste brasileiro, 2008-2017: um estudo ecológico / Leprosy prevalence spatial distribution and trend in a health region in Northeast Brazil, 2008-2017: an ecological study / Distribución espacial y tendencia en la prevalencia de la lepra en una región sanitaria del Nordeste de Brasil, 2008-2017: un estudio ecológico

Objetivo: analisar a distribuição espacial e a tendência da hanseníase em municípios de uma regional de saúde de um estado no Nordeste brasileiro. Métodos: estudo ecológico e de séries temporais, sobre a notificação compulsória dos municípios integrantes da Unidade Gestora Regional de Saúde de Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brasil, entre 2008 e 2017; foram determinadas as prevalências e a média para o período; realizou-se a análise espacial de área e os mapas foram gerados pelo aplicativo ArcGis 10.5; na análise de tendência, utilizou-se a regressão de Prais-Winsten. Resultado: foram identificados 4.029 casos da doença e as médias de prevalência variaram de 2,0 a 11,5 casos/10 mil habitantes/ano, com tendência descendente; Governador Edson Lobão apresentou a maior prevalência, 11,5 casos/10 mil hab., e Lajeado Novo a menor, 2,0 casos/10 mil hab. Conclusão: a distribuição espacial dos casos de hanseníase foi heterogênea nos municípios estudados e a tendência da prevalência, decrescente.

Objective: to analyse the spatial distribution and trend of leprosy in municipalities of a health region in a Northeast Brazilian state. Methods: this was an ecological time-series study based on compulsory notification of leprosy cases by the municipalities covered by the Imperatriz-MA Regional Health Management Unit, between 2008 and 2017; prevalence and mean prevalence for the period were calculated; spatial analysis of the area was carried out and maps were generated using ArcGis 10.5. Prais-Winsten regression was used for trend analysis. Result: 4,029 cases of the disease were identified, and average prevalence ranged from 2.0 to 11.5 cases/10,000 inhabitants-year. The overall trend was downward. Governador Edson Lobão had the highest prevalence, 11.5 cases/10,000 inhabitants, and Lajeado Novo had the lowest prevalence, 2.0 cases/10,000 inhabitants. Conclusion: spatial distribution of leprosy cases was heterogeneous in the municipalities studied and prevalence had a falling trend.

Objetivo: analisar la distribución espacial y la tendencia de la lepra en una región sanitaria de un estado del Nordeste brasileño. Métodos: estudio ecológico y de serie temporal, con notificación obligatoria de los municipios de la Unidad de Gestión Regional de Salud de Imperatriz-MA, entre 2008-2017. Se determinaron la prevalencia y la media del período y se realizó un análisis del espacio de área, los mapas se generaron en ArcGis 10.5. Para el análisis de tendencia se utilizaron regresiones de Prais-Winsten. Resultado: se identificaron 4.029 casos y las prevalencias promedio oscilaron entre 2,0 y 11,5 casos/10.000 habitantes-año, con tendencia al descenso. Governador Edson Lobão presentó la mayor prevalencia 11,5 casos/10.000 habitantes y Lajeado Novo la menor prevalencia 2,0 casos/10.000 habitantes. Conclusión: la distribución espacial de los casos de lepra fue heterogénea en los municipios y la tendencia de prevalencia decreciente.

Características clínico-epidemiológicas e tendência temporal de casos novos de hanseníase com grau 2 de incapacidade física, no estado do Maranhão, 2011-2020 / Clinical-epidemiological characteristics and temporal trend of new cases of grade 2 disability leprosy in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, 2011- 2020 / Características clínico-epidemiológicas y tendencia temporal de los nuevos casos de lepra grado 2 de discapacidad en el estado de Maranhão, Brasil, 2011-2020

Objetivo: descrever as características clínico-epidemiológicas dos casos novos de hanseníase com grau 2 de incapacidade física e analisar sua tendência no estado do Maranhão, Brasil, 2011-2020. Métodos: estudo transversal descritivo e ecológico de série temporal, com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação; realizou-se análise descritiva do evento segundo características sociodemográficas e clínico-laboratoriais dos casos; a tendência temporal da incidência do evento foi analisada pela regressão de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: dos 2.147 casos notificados, 71,5% foram do sexo masculino, 48,9% possuíam até 8 anos de estudo, 66,5% eram de raça/cor da pele parda, 95,5% da forma multibacilar, 58,8% da forma dimorfa e 32,3% com baciloscopia negativa no diagnóstico; observou-se estacionaridade na tendência no estado, e tendência decrescente na regional de saúde de São Luís (variação anual = -64,4%; intervalo de confiança de 95% -73,7;-51,9). Conclusão: a tendência da incidência foi estável no estado do Maranhão e decrescente em São Luís.

Objective: to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of new cases of grade 2 disability leprosy and to analyze its trend in the state of Maranhão, from 2011 to 2020. Methods: this was a descriptive cross-sectional and ecological time-series study, using data from the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System. A descriptive analysis of the event was carried out according to the sociodemographic and clinical-laboratory characteristics of the cases. The temporal trend of event incidence was analyzed using Prais-Winsten regression. Results: of the 2,147 cases, 71.5% were male, 48.9% had up to 8 years of schooling, 66.5% were of mixed race/color, 95.5% had the multibacillary form, 58.8% were borderline, 32.3% had negative bacilloscopy at diagnosis. There was a stationary trend in the state and a falling trend in the São Luís Health Region (annual percentage change = -64.4%; 95% confidence interval: -73.7;-51.9). Conclusion: incidence trend was stable in the state of Maranhão and falling in São Luís.

Objetivo: describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los nuevos casos de lepra con discapacidad física grado 2 y analizar su tendencia en el estado de Maranhão, de 2011 a 2020. Métodos: estudio transversal descriptivo y ecológico de serie temporal con datos del Sistema de Información de Agravamiento de Notificaciones. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de características sociodemográficas y clínico-laboratoriales. La tendencia temporal de la incidencia de eventos se analizó mediante la regresión de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: de los 2.147 casos, 71,5% era masculino, 48,9% tenía hasta 8 años de escolaridad, 66,5% era de raza/piel parda, 95,5% de forma multibacilar, 58,8% dimorfa, 32,3% con baciloscopia negativa al diagnóstico. Hubo tendencia estacionaria en el estado y tendencia decreciente en la Región de Salud São Luís (variación anual = -64,4%; intervalo de confianza 95%: -73,7;-51,9). Conclusión: la tendencia de la incidencia se mantuvo estable en el estado de Maranhão y decreciente en São Luís.

Fatores associados à autoeficácia da amamentação no puerpério imediato em maternidade pública / Factors associated with breastfeeding self-efficacy in the immediate puerperium in a public maternity hospital / Factores asociados a la autoeficacia de la lactancia materna en el puerperio inmediato en una maternidad pública

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar a associação entre variáveis sociodemográficas, antecedentes obstétricos, gestação atual e puerpério à autoeficácia em amamentar. Método: estudo transversal, realizado no sudoeste maranhense do Brasil, entre os meses de outubro de 2020 a julho de 2021 com a participação de 240 puérperas, utilizando-se a Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale - Short Form. Realizaram-se análise descritiva, possíveis associações, modelos de regressão logística simples e múltiplos. Resultados: 83,3% apresentaram alta autoeficácia em amamentar, 46,7% tinham entre 26 e 35 anos, 81,2% eram casadas ou estavam em união estável, 94,2% amamentaram na primeira hora de vida, 37,9% receberam orientação sobre amamentação na Unidade Básica e 84,2% ofertaram somente leite materno para o recém-nascido na maternidade, sendo esses fatores associados à alta autoeficácia em amamentar (p<0,05). Conclusão: a pesquisa contribuiu para orientar os profissionais de saúde a prestar assistência de qualidade superior à gestante, puérpera e lactante, com o objetivo de aumentar a autoeficácia em amamentar, identificando, dentre tais mulheres, àquelas que necessitam de maior apoio.

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify the association between sociodemographic variables, obstetric history, current pregnancy, and puerperium with breastfeeding self-efficacy. Method: cross-sectional study conducted in southwestern Maranhão, Brazil, between October 2020 and July 2021 with the participation of 240 postpartum women, using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale - Short Form. Descriptive analysis, possible associations, simple and multiple logistic regression models were performed. Results: 83.3% had high breastfeeding self-efficacy, 46.7% were between 26 and 35 years old, 81.2% were married or in a stable union, 94.2% breastfed in the first hour of life, 37.9% received orientation on breastfeeding in the Primary Health Care Unit, and 84.2% offered only breast milk to the newborn in the maternity hospital. These factors were associated with high breastfeeding self-efficacy (p<0.05). Conclusion: The research contributed to guide health professionals to provide superior quality care to pregnant and postpartum women and lactating mothers, aiming to increase breastfeeding self-efficacy, identifying, among these women, those who need more support.

RESUMEN Objetivo: verificar la asociación entre las variables sociodemográficas, los antecedentes obstétricos, la gestación actual y el puerperio con la autoeficacia en amamantar. Método: estudio transversal, realizado en el sudoeste maranhense de Brasil, entre los meses de octubre de 2020 a julio de 2021 con la participación de 240 puérperas, utilizando el Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale - Short Form. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, posibles asociaciones y modelos de regresión logística simple y múltiple. Resultados: El 83,3% mostró una alta autoeficacia para la lactancia materna, el 46,7% tenía entre 26 y 35 años, el 81,2% estaba casada o en unión estable, el 94,2% dio el pecho en la primera hora de vida, el 37,9% recibió orientación sobre la lactancia materna en la Unidad de Atención Primaria y el 84,2% ofreció sólo leche materna al recién nacido en la maternidad, asociándose estos factores con una alta autoeficacia para la lactancia materna (p<0,05). Conclusión: la investigación contribuyó a orientar a los profesionales de la salud a prestar asistencia de calidad superior a gestantes, puérperas y lactantes, con el objetivo de aumentar la autoeficacia en el amamantamiento, identificando, entre estas mujeres, a las que necesitan un mayor apoyo.

Primary Health Care assessment in the COVID-19 pandemic from physicians' and nurses' perspective / Evaluación de la Atención Primaria de Salud en la pandemia de COVID-19 desde la perspectiva de médicos y enfermeras / Avaliação da atenção primária à saúde na pandemia COVID-19 na perspectiva de médicos e enfermeiros

ABSTRACT Objectives: to assess the operationalization of Primary Health Care in the COVID-19 pandemic, according to Primary Care Assessment Tool: PCATool-Brasil attributes, from physicians' and nurses' perspective. Methods: a cross-sectional study, carried out with 99 physicians and nurses from Basic Health Units in a state in northeastern Brazil, with the aid of the adapted instrument PCATool-Brasil. Results: Essential Score was classified as high performance (6.6) and General Score as low performance (6.5). First Contact Access, Care Integration, and Community Guidance scores were <6.6. The best performances were attributed to the Longitudinality, Comprehensiveness and Family Guidance services (scores>6.6). Conclusions: the attributes of Primary Health Care, in general, showed values above or close to the cut-off point in the assessment. These data can support strategies for local and national managers to strengthen Primary Health Care in the COVID-19 pandemic and future public health emergencies.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar la operacionalización de la Atención Primaria de Salud en la pandemia de la COVID-19, según los atributos del Instrumento de Evaluación de la Atención Primaria: PCATool-Brasil, en la perspectiva de médicos y enfermeros. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado com 99 médicos e enfermeiros de Unidades Básicas de Saúde de um estado do Nordeste do Brasil, com auxílio do instrumento adaptado PCATool-Brasil. Resultados: Escore Essencial foi classificado como alto desempenho (6,6), e Escore Geral, como baixo desempenho (6,5). Las puntuaciones de acceso al primer contacto, integración de la atención y orientación comunitaria fueron <6,6. Los mejores desempeños fueron atribuidos a los servicios de Longitudinalidad, Integralidad y Orientación Familiar (puntuaciones > 6,6). Conclusiones: los atributos de la Atención Primaria de Salud, en general, presentaron valores superiores o cercanos al punto de corte en la evaluación. Estos datos pueden respaldar estrategias para que los administradores locales y nacionales fortalezcan la Atención Primaria de Salud en la pandemia de COVID-19 y futuras emergencias de salud pública.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar a operacionalização da Atenção Primária à Saúde na pandemia de COVID-19, segundo os atributos do Primary Care Assessment Tool: PCATool-Brasil, na perspectiva de médicos e enfermeiros. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado com 99 médicos e enfermeiros de Unidades Básica de Saúde de um estado do Nordeste do Brasil, com auxílio do instrumento adaptado PCATool-Brasil. Resultados: Escore Essencial foi classificado como alto desempenho (6,6), e Escore Geral, como baixo desempenho (6,5). Os escores de Acesso de Primeiro Contato, Integração do Cuidado e Orientação Comunitária foram <6,6. Os melhores desempenhos foram atribuídos aos serviços Longitudinalidade, Integralidade e Orientação Familiar (escores > 6,6). Conclusões: os atributos da Atenção Primária à Saúde, em geral, apresentaram valores superiores ou próximos ao ponto de corte na avaliação. Esses dados podem subsidiar estratégias de gestores locais e nacionais para o fortalecimento da Atenção Primária à Saúde na pandemia de COVID-19 e futuras emergências de saúde pública.

Geotechnologies applied in epidemiological studies on cases of covid-19: a narrative review / Geotecnologias aplicadas em estudos epidemiológicos sobre os casos de covid-19: revisão narrativa / Geotecnologías aplicadas en estudios epidemiológicos sobre casos de covid-19: revisión narrativa

Background and objectives: the applied geotechnologies are essential in helping the development of epidemiological studies that aim to identify and distribute health events in specific populations and territories, in addition to verifying the factors that influence the occurrence of these events, intending to apply the evidence in strategies of disease planning and control as in the covid-19 pandemic. This study aimed to present the scientific evidence that has been produced on geotechnologies applied in epidemiological studies on cases of covid-19. Methods: this is a descriptive narrative literature review (NLR). To guide the study, the following research question was elaborated: what has been studied about applied geotechnologies in epidemiological research on covid-19 cases? The search was carried out in October 2021, using the descriptors Geographic Information Systems AND Covid-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 AND Epidemiology AND Spatial Analysis, in Virtual Health Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Portal CAPES. Complementarily, a search was carried out for epidemiological bulletins and booklets on the Brazilian Ministry of Health website. Results: nineteen sources of information were selected that fit the objectives for the discussion construction, with three categories of analysis being listed: Geotechnology application; Information management; Challenges of epidemiological studies that use secondary data. Conclusion: geotechnology use in epidemiological studies on covid-19 in identifying areas at risk for the infection spread was such remarkable.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: as geotecnologias aplicadas são essenciais para auxiliar o desenvolvimento de estudos epidemiológicos que visam identificar e distribuir eventos de saúde em populações e territórios específicos, além de verificar os fatores que influenciam a ocorrência desses eventos, pretendendo aplicar as evidências em estratégias de planejamento e controle de doenças como na pandemia de covid-19. Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar as evidências científicas que vêm sendo produzidas sobre geotecnologias aplicadas em estudos epidemiológicos de casos de covid-19. Métodos: trata-se de uma revisão de literatura narrativa descritiva (NLR). Para nortear o estudo, elaborou-se a seguinte questão de pesquisa: o que tem sido estudado sobre as geotecnologias aplicadas na pesquisa epidemiológica dos casos de covid-19? A busca foi realizada no mês de outubro de 2021, utilizando os descritores Geographic Information Systems AND Covid-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 AND Epidemiology AND Spatial Analysis, na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Scopus, Web of Science, Portal CAPES. Complementarmente, foi realizada busca de boletins e cartilhas epidemiológicas no site do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Resultados: foram selecionadas dezenove fontes de informação que se enquadram nos objetivos para a construção da discussão, sendo elencadas três categorias de análise: Aplicação da geotecnologia; Gestão da informação; Desafios dos estudos epidemiológicos que utilizam dados secundários. Conclusão: o uso da geotecnologia em estudos epidemiológicos da covid-19 na identificação de áreas de risco para a propagação da infecção foi notável.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: las geotecnologías aplicadas son esenciales para ayudar al desarrollo de estudios epidemiológicos que tengan como objetivo identificar y distribuir eventos de salud en poblaciones y territorios específicos, además de verificar los factores que influyen en la ocurrencia de estos eventos, con la intención de aplicar la evidencia en estrategias de planificación y control de enfermedades como en la pandemia de covid-19. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo presentar la evidencia científica que se ha producido sobre geotecnologías aplicadas en estudios epidemiológicos sobre casos de covid-19. Métodos: se trata de una revisión descriptiva narrativa de la literatura (NLR). Para orientar el estudio se elaboró la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿Qué se ha estudiado sobre geotecnologías aplicadas en la investigación epidemiológica de casos de covid-19? La búsqueda se realizó en octubre de 2021, utilizando los descriptores Sistemas de Información Geográfica Y Covid-19 O SARS-CoV-2 Y Epidemiología Y Análisis Espacial, en Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, Scopus, Web of Science, Portal CAPES. Complementariamente, se realizó una búsqueda de boletines y folletos epidemiológicos en el sitio web del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil. Resultados: fueron seleccionadas diecinueve fuentes de información que se ajustan a los objetivos para la construcción de la discusión, siendo enumeradas tres categorías de análisis: aplicación de la geotecnología; Gestión de la información; Retos de los estudios epidemiológicos que utilizan datos secundarios. Conclusión: el uso de geotecnología en estudios epidemiológicos sobre covid-19 para identificar áreas en riesgo de propagación de la infección fue tan notable.(AU)